Hypothesis: If sustained weeding (routine weed-whacking, monthly hand-weeding) is successful, total exotic cover will remain low.
Results: Significant increase in total exotic percent cover after year 4 – due to increase in exotics in transition and upland zones.
Hypothesis: If sustained weeding (routine weed-whacking, monthly hand-weeding) is successful, exotic diversity will remain low.
Results: No significant change in Shannon’s Index of exotic community.
Hypothesis: We will see increased exotic species percent cover and diversity with increased time since restoration due to reinvasion.
Hypothesis: Pools that are restored in the same way will converge on the same exotic community over time.
Results: Sig difference in exotic community across age (perMANOVA p = 0.001) – community changes at year 4
## Square root transformation
## Wisconsin double standardization
## Run 0 stress 0.0001864372
## Run 1 stress 0.000184144
## ... New best solution
## ... Procrustes: rmse 5.377238e-05 max resid 0.0005529006
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 2 stress 0.0002093255
## ... Procrustes: rmse 5.982336e-05 max resid 0.0006651
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 3 stress 0.0001956403
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.000112022 max resid 0.001602033
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 4 stress 0.0002276889
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001115538 max resid 0.001259826
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 5 stress 0.000212425
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001203533 max resid 0.001875222
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 6 stress 0.0002058182
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001546946 max resid 0.002090096
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 7 stress 0.0001995622
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001499609 max resid 0.002636906
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 8 stress 0.0002042074
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001002123 max resid 0.001403407
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 9 stress 0.0002254107
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001256574 max resid 0.001963004
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 10 stress 0.0002213969
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001653594 max resid 0.002577198
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 11 stress 0.0002495504
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001477543 max resid 0.002536862
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 12 stress 0.0001785634
## ... New best solution
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001086942 max resid 0.001161614
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 13 stress 0.0002448355
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001060245 max resid 0.001636889
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 14 stress 0.0001881265
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001240455 max resid 0.001461872
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 15 stress 0.0002333175
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001239868 max resid 0.001293798
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 16 stress 0.0002307857
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001129936 max resid 0.001118676
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 17 stress 0.0002028041
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001202232 max resid 0.001226553
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 18 stress 0.000235433
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001596805 max resid 0.002558182
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 19 stress 0.0001990579
## ... Procrustes: rmse 7.610122e-05 max resid 0.000791918
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 20 stress 0.0002206464
## ... Procrustes: rmse 8.617875e-05 max resid 0.001184003
## ... Similar to previous best
## *** Solution reached
Hypothesis: If restoration was successful, then the community should be in stable equilibrium.
Results: Sig difference in community across age (perMANOVA p = 0.001) – community changes at year 6
## Square root transformation
## Wisconsin double standardization
## Run 0 stress 0.1907515
## Run 1 stress 0.1858569
## ... New best solution
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.02924576 max resid 0.07578028
## Run 2 stress 0.1907457
## Run 3 stress 0.1843139
## ... New best solution
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.004052238 max resid 0.08871877
## Run 4 stress 0.1896299
## Run 5 stress 0.185432
## Run 6 stress 0.185868
## Run 7 stress 0.1858637
## Run 8 stress 0.184315
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0002925339 max resid 0.002221162
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 9 stress 0.1858676
## Run 10 stress 0.1844624
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.00275123 max resid 0.06375882
## Run 11 stress 0.1843154
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0002134502 max resid 0.0009379104
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 12 stress 0.1870448
## Run 13 stress 0.1859742
## Run 14 stress 0.1857551
## Run 15 stress 0.1843148
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0002626508 max resid 0.002098613
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 16 stress 0.1872596
## Run 17 stress 0.1844731
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.003130806 max resid 0.0639131
## Run 18 stress 0.1844637
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.002740992 max resid 0.06366775
## Run 19 stress 0.1858307
## Run 20 stress 0.1896149
## *** Solution reached
Hypothesis: If restoration methods are the same, pools will converge on the same native community.
Results: Total native percent cover stable after sig increase after year 2 (ANOVA F(7) = 5.65, p << 0.001), but Shannon’s Index of native community sig decreased after year 7 (ANOVA F(7) = 2.051, p = 0.0474)
## Square root transformation
## Wisconsin double standardization
## Run 0 stress 0.1197204
## Run 1 stress 0.1241694
## Run 2 stress 0.1197893
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.00225219 max resid 0.03715035
## Run 3 stress 0.1198432
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.00281424 max resid 0.03708603
## Run 4 stress 0.1247024
## Run 5 stress 0.1231186
## Run 6 stress 0.1203201
## Run 7 stress 0.1211953
## Run 8 stress 0.1199772
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.003936449 max resid 0.06951252
## Run 9 stress 0.1246541
## Run 10 stress 0.1211758
## Run 11 stress 0.1205968
## Run 12 stress 0.1206919
## Run 13 stress 0.1199619
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.003859336 max resid 0.06837908
## Run 14 stress 0.1211688
## Run 15 stress 0.1202538
## Run 16 stress 0.1212268
## Run 17 stress 0.1206547
## Run 18 stress 0.120291
## Run 19 stress 0.1197455
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.001900366 max resid 0.03699049
## Run 20 stress 0.1197739
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.00234094 max resid 0.03714813
## Run 21 stress 0.1203201
## Run 22 stress 0.119962
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.003848067 max resid 0.06817717
## Run 23 stress 0.1202916
## Run 24 stress 0.121032
## Run 25 stress 0.1205115
## Run 26 stress 0.1239853
## Run 27 stress 0.1196961
## ... New best solution
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0008822671 max resid 0.0138075
## Run 28 stress 0.120606
## Run 29 stress 0.1205949
## Run 30 stress 0.1246865
## Run 31 stress 0.1235618
## Run 32 stress 0.1199619
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.003695425 max resid 0.06693519
## Run 33 stress 0.1207363
## Run 34 stress 0.1199482
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.003615816 max resid 0.06877055
## Run 35 stress 0.1210192
## Run 36 stress 0.1257572
## Run 37 stress 0.1210556
## Run 38 stress 0.1210243
## Run 39 stress 0.1246592
## Run 40 stress 0.1202546
## Run 41 stress 0.1203861
## Run 42 stress 0.120268
## Run 43 stress 0.1205169
## Run 44 stress 0.1204766
## Run 45 stress 0.1211012
## Run 46 stress 0.1203179
## Run 47 stress 0.1240767
## Run 48 stress 0.1197708
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.00205529 max resid 0.03622863
## Run 49 stress 0.1196959
## ... New best solution
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001153003 max resid 0.001722594
## ... Similar to previous best
## *** Solution reached
Hypothesis: Actively managed site will change the community.
Results: North Parcel sig different from Del Sol communities (both overall and just exotics)
## Square root transformation
## Wisconsin double standardization
## Run 0 stress 0.1401415
## Run 1 stress 0.1401311
## ... New best solution
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.001107322 max resid 0.0198583
## Run 2 stress 0.1401323
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0007482939 max resid 0.01591015
## Run 3 stress 0.140132
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0006930573 max resid 0.01601142
## Run 4 stress 0.1401419
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.00108644 max resid 0.02001116
## Run 5 stress 0.1401327
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0008035157 max resid 0.01615982
## Run 6 stress 0.1401321
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0008269561 max resid 0.01587324
## Run 7 stress 0.1401313
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0004398647 max resid 0.01072921
## Run 8 stress 0.140142
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.001145124 max resid 0.01994285
## Run 9 stress 0.1401327
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0009372366 max resid 0.01608691
## Run 10 stress 0.1401403
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.000982918 max resid 0.01995127
## Run 11 stress 0.1401328
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0006816845 max resid 0.01523473
## Run 12 stress 0.1401422
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.001108029 max resid 0.02005513
## Run 13 stress 0.1401397
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0008586887 max resid 0.01986029
## Run 14 stress 0.1401423
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.001093758 max resid 0.02007438
## Run 15 stress 0.1401327
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0008607462 max resid 0.01596025
## Run 16 stress 0.1401325
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0006628308 max resid 0.01497425
## Run 17 stress 0.1401317
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0004933025 max resid 0.01099559
## Run 18 stress 0.140142
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.001027605 max resid 0.01994061
## Run 19 stress 0.1401321
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0007986711 max resid 0.01595719
## Run 20 stress 0.140132
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0006945059 max resid 0.01588817
## Run 21 stress 0.1401402
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0009955418 max resid 0.01979133
## Run 22 stress 0.1401329
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0009982332 max resid 0.01721453
## Run 23 stress 0.1401402
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0009211767 max resid 0.01994595
## Run 24 stress 0.1401399
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0008831134 max resid 0.01991256
## Run 25 stress 0.1401419
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.001150238 max resid 0.01991505
## Run 26 stress 0.1401425
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.00107039 max resid 0.02014005
## Run 27 stress 0.1401395
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0008527935 max resid 0.01982877
## Run 28 stress 0.1401414
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.001032884 max resid 0.01977752
## Run 29 stress 0.1401311
## ... New best solution
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001588399 max resid 0.003727888
## ... Similar to previous best
## *** Solution reached
## Square root transformation
## Wisconsin double standardization
## Run 0 stress 0.0002493451
## Run 1 stress 0.0002841956
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001103788 max resid 0.001296303
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 2 stress 0.0003022943
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.000129485 max resid 0.002471316
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 3 stress 0.0003231765
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001702279 max resid 0.002918764
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 4 stress 0.0003180298
## ... Procrustes: rmse 5.691461e-05 max resid 0.0009782168
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 5 stress 0.000286367
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001147278 max resid 0.001856099
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 6 stress 0.0002898696
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001267309 max resid 0.00152459
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 7 stress 0.0002570556
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001351242 max resid 0.001806286
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 8 stress 0.000260657
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001214355 max resid 0.002301776
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 9 stress 0.0002877153
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001954739 max resid 0.003293107
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 10 stress 0.0003060899
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001196231 max resid 0.001871749
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 11 stress 0.0003049968
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001496381 max resid 0.001768571
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 12 stress 0.0002601321
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001038769 max resid 0.001714372
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 13 stress 0.000277639
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001199066 max resid 0.002263373
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 14 stress 0.0002548202
## ... Procrustes: rmse 9.909989e-05 max resid 0.001421062
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 15 stress 0.0002819766
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001422238 max resid 0.002634531
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 16 stress 0.0002904094
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001896333 max resid 0.003173634
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 17 stress 0.00028421
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001211025 max resid 0.001802961
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 18 stress 0.0003206458
## ... Procrustes: rmse 7.848318e-05 max resid 0.0009273177
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 19 stress 0.0002456235
## ... New best solution
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001183915 max resid 0.002248831
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 20 stress 0.0002981289
## ... Procrustes: rmse 8.265261e-05 max resid 0.001498218
## ... Similar to previous best
## *** Solution reached
H1: If exotic species are coming up in above-ground monitoring that are not found in below-ground seedbank diversity, then seeds are blowing in from surrounding invaded matrix. H2: If native species are in the seedbank but are not found in above-ground monitoring, then an environmental filter is preventing them from germinating, despite sustained weeding effort.
Results: Exotic seedbank communities sig different from exotic above-ground communities (perMANOVA p = 0.001)
## Run 0 stress 0.000232349
## Run 1 stress 0.0002310696
## ... New best solution
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001161335 max resid 0.001185164
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 2 stress 0.0002518001
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.000105536 max resid 0.001276299
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 3 stress 0.0002637263
## ... Procrustes: rmse 7.691933e-05 max resid 0.001144966
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 4 stress 0.0002894571
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001495839 max resid 0.002650403
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 5 stress 0.0002356159
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001206883 max resid 0.002072162
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 6 stress 0.0002711427
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001335485 max resid 0.001394735
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 7 stress 0.0002479785
## ... Procrustes: rmse 5.795566e-05 max resid 0.0007311631
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 8 stress 0.0001822588
## ... New best solution
## ... Procrustes: rmse 7.159896e-05 max resid 0.0008396544
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 9 stress 0.0002188207
## ... Procrustes: rmse 8.004182e-05 max resid 0.001414145
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 10 stress 0.0002037738
## ... Procrustes: rmse 8.734779e-05 max resid 0.001002081
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 11 stress 0.0002638593
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.000165405 max resid 0.002303726
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 12 stress 0.0002442366
## ... Procrustes: rmse 5.24982e-05 max resid 0.0005884671
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 13 stress 0.000273728
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001177254 max resid 0.00170302
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 14 stress 0.0002885023
## ... Procrustes: rmse 8.183795e-05 max resid 0.00107999
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 15 stress 0.000251111
## ... Procrustes: rmse 8.843534e-05 max resid 0.001282896
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 16 stress 0.0002322918
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001144891 max resid 0.001331779
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 17 stress 0.0002284091
## ... Procrustes: rmse 6.965175e-05 max resid 0.0007427598
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 18 stress 0.0002206368
## ... Procrustes: rmse 9.248364e-05 max resid 0.001301657
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 19 stress 0.0002502509
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001309073 max resid 0.00139811
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 20 stress 0.000229519
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001394879 max resid 0.002065993
## ... Similar to previous best
## *** Solution reached
Hypothesis: Actively managed site will change the community.
Results: North Parcel sig different from Del Sol communities (both with all seedbank data and all seedbank and percent cover data)
## Wisconsin double standardization
## Run 0 stress 0.1730935
## Run 1 stress 0.201679
## Run 2 stress 0.1897031
## Run 3 stress 0.1705204
## ... New best solution
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.02631356 max resid 0.1073695
## Run 4 stress 0.174042
## Run 5 stress 0.1870104
## Run 6 stress 0.1741607
## Run 7 stress 0.1783792
## Run 8 stress 0.1841815
## Run 9 stress 0.1743953
## Run 10 stress 0.1782628
## Run 11 stress 0.1933471
## Run 12 stress 0.1880426
## Run 13 stress 0.2057378
## Run 14 stress 0.1734018
## Run 15 stress 0.2026451
## Run 16 stress 0.174237
## Run 17 stress 0.1703422
## ... New best solution
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.01130255 max resid 0.04549206
## Run 18 stress 0.176957
## Run 19 stress 0.1768025
## Run 20 stress 0.1788696
## Run 21 stress 0.1764346
## Run 22 stress 0.1888365
## Run 23 stress 0.1710252
## Run 24 stress 0.1706444
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.009116292 max resid 0.04617133
## Run 25 stress 0.1729985
## Run 26 stress 0.1911766
## Run 27 stress 0.1803509
## Run 28 stress 0.1963627
## Run 29 stress 0.1729778
## Run 30 stress 0.1980816
## Run 31 stress 0.1741985
## Run 32 stress 0.1731809
## Run 33 stress 0.1728813
## Run 34 stress 0.1938069
## Run 35 stress 0.194072
## Run 36 stress 0.2049779
## Run 37 stress 0.1868415
## Run 38 stress 0.1727813
## Run 39 stress 0.1806635
## Run 40 stress 0.1950306
## Run 41 stress 0.1850585
## Run 42 stress 0.1889292
## Run 43 stress 0.1862116
## Run 44 stress 0.189472
## Run 45 stress 0.1901325
## Run 46 stress 0.1737203
## Run 47 stress 0.1864666
## Run 48 stress 0.1811782
## Run 49 stress 0.2059967
## Run 50 stress 0.1885203
## Run 51 stress 0.1747399
## Run 52 stress 0.1926592
## Run 53 stress 0.1737815
## Run 54 stress 0.1705439
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.01131834 max resid 0.048533
## Run 55 stress 0.1701713
## ... New best solution
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.007226226 max resid 0.03707648
## Run 56 stress 0.1854209
## Run 57 stress 0.170544
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.009652494 max resid 0.05041282
## Run 58 stress 0.2045965
## Run 59 stress 0.2021717
## Run 60 stress 0.172747
## Run 61 stress 0.1708859
## Run 62 stress 0.1953903
## Run 63 stress 0.1949981
## Run 64 stress 0.1705204
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.008876477 max resid 0.04648099
## Run 65 stress 0.1702983
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.006781998 max resid 0.03765547
## Run 66 stress 0.1709807
## Run 67 stress 0.1874383
## Run 68 stress 0.199357
## Run 69 stress 0.1706679
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.01172915 max resid 0.05029483
## Run 70 stress 0.1739886
## Run 71 stress 0.1937146
## Run 72 stress 0.2032024
## Run 73 stress 0.1922087
## Run 74 stress 0.1731028
## Run 75 stress 0.1909018
## Run 76 stress 0.1888166
## Run 77 stress 0.193962
## Run 78 stress 0.1710252
## Run 79 stress 0.1705204
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.00893322 max resid 0.04699917
## Run 80 stress 0.2068429
## Run 81 stress 0.1701713
## ... Procrustes: rmse 1.267669e-05 max resid 4.917475e-05
## ... Similar to previous best
## *** Solution reached
## Run 0 stress 0.0003519524
## Run 1 stress 0.0003607182
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001842487 max resid 0.002484577
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 2 stress 0.0003551823
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001335317 max resid 0.00252685
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 3 stress 0.0003352465
## ... New best solution
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001930803 max resid 0.002392927
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 4 stress 0.0003177451
## ... New best solution
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001855953 max resid 0.002968971
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 5 stress 0.0003181579
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001713443 max resid 0.003464791
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 6 stress 0.0003394143
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0002371395 max resid 0.004566704
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 7 stress 0.0002830619
## ... New best solution
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001824509 max resid 0.003718591
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 8 stress 0.0003479659
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0002342483 max resid 0.004501162
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 9 stress 0.0003285385
## ... Procrustes: rmse 4.614539e-05 max resid 0.0007131825
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 10 stress 0.0003236945
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001648529 max resid 0.003027166
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 11 stress 0.0003864344
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0002348355 max resid 0.004275162
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 12 stress 0.0003757744
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001423931 max resid 0.002320177
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 13 stress 0.0003458325
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0002084475 max resid 0.002581015
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 14 stress 0.0003408739
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001681519 max resid 0.002326385
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 15 stress 0.0003646296
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0002080475 max resid 0.004279354
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 16 stress 0.0003084371
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001826485 max resid 0.002288098
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 17 stress 0.0003178545
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001083448 max resid 0.001808971
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 18 stress 0.0003554094
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0002216485 max resid 0.004105315
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 19 stress 0.000387979
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001881099 max resid 0.003417782
## ... Similar to previous best
## Run 20 stress 0.0003626382
## ... Procrustes: rmse 0.0001407669 max resid 0.001770148
## ... Similar to previous best
## *** Solution reached